| For chemical heating, the exothermic reaction energy created by the oxidation of aluminium (or silicon) is used. The process is run under atmospheric conditions and features a refractory-covered bell or ring. The bell or ring is partially immersed into the liquid steel bath, so that the entire process is performed under inert gas conditions. This technique is an effective method for attaining clean steel and precise chemical composition.
More than 30 plants installed in EAF and BOF steel making plants, with heat sizes up to 400 tons, have proven the reliability of this concept.

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